While significant progress has been made in understanding the role of HCAs in cancer, several research gaps remain. More studies are needed to clarify the dose-response relationship between HCA intake and cancer risk. Additionally, research is required to understand the interaction between genetic factors and HCA exposure, as genetic differences may influence individual susceptibility to HCA-induced carcinogenesis. Future epidemiological studies should also consider the combined effects of HCAs and other dietary carcinogens to provide a more comprehensive risk assessment.
