What are common sources of misleading conclusions?
Confounding Variables: These are extraneous variables that can falsely suggest or obscure an association between the exposure and outcome. Selection Bias: This occurs when the participants selected for the study are not representative of the target population. Information Bias: Errors in measuring or recording data can lead to misclassification of exposure or outcome status. Publication Bias: Studies with significant or positive findings are more likely to be published, skewing the available evidence. Temporal Bias: Mistaking correlation for causation can lead to incorrect conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships.
