physical examinations

What are the Challenges Associated with Physical Examinations in Epidemiology?

Despite their advantages, physical examinations in epidemiology face several challenges:
1. Resource Intensive: Conducting physical exams can be time-consuming and require significant resources, including trained personnel and specialized equipment.
2. Participant Burden: Participants may perceive physical exams as invasive or uncomfortable, potentially affecting study participation rates.
3. Inter-Observer Variability: Even with standardized protocols, there can be variability between examiners, which may impact the reliability of the data.

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