physical examinations

How are Physical Examinations Conducted in Epidemiological Studies?

In epidemiological studies, physical examinations are usually standardized to ensure consistency and reliability of the data. These examinations can include measurements of blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference, as well as assessments of cardiovascular health, respiratory function, and musculoskeletal integrity. The use of standardized protocols and trained examiners minimizes measurement bias and enhances the reproducibility of the findings.

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