Several challenges can complicate vaccine design, including:
Antigenic variability: Pathogens that mutate frequently, such as influenza viruses, require frequent updates to the vaccine formulation. Adjuvant development: Identifying suitable adjuvants that enhance the immune response without causing significant side effects. Cold chain requirements: Ensuring vaccines remain effective by maintaining proper storage conditions during distribution. Public acceptance: Addressing vaccine hesitancy and misinformation to achieve high vaccination coverage.
