What are the primary limitations of these software tools?

Despite their utility, these software tools have several limitations:

Complexity: Many epidemiological software tools require advanced statistical knowledge and programming skills, which can be a barrier for some researchers.
Data Compatibility: Compatibility issues can arise when integrating data from multiple sources or different formats, leading to potential data loss or misinterpretation.
Scalability: Handling large datasets can be challenging and may require significant computational resources. This is particularly relevant in big data epidemiology.
Cost: Some software tools, especially those that are commercially available, can be expensive and unaffordable for some institutions or researchers.
Lack of Standardization: Different software tools might use varied algorithms and methods for analysis, leading to inconsistent results across studies.