What are the Limitations in Establishing Causation?
Despite rigorous methods, establishing causation can be challenging due to several limitations:
Confounding: Other variables may affect both the cause and the effect, leading to false associations. Bias: Systematic errors in the design, conduct, or analysis of a study can distort the findings. Reverse Causation: Sometimes, the outcome might influence the exposure rather than the other way around. Measurement Error: Inaccurate measurement of exposure or outcome can lead to incorrect conclusions.
