Under vaccination can lead to several negative outcomes:
1. Disease Outbreaks: Reduced vaccination coverage can lead to outbreaks of diseases such as measles, polio, and whooping cough. 2. Herd Immunity Thresholds: Failing to achieve the necessary levels of herd immunity can result in the re-emergence of diseases. 3. Increased Healthcare Costs: Outbreaks can strain healthcare systems and increase medical expenditures. 4. Loss of Productivity: Widespread illness can lead to absenteeism in schools and workplaces, affecting economic productivity.
