Case Definitions: Clear definitions of what constitutes a case for a particular disease or condition. Data Collection Methods: Standardized methods for collecting data, such as surveys, interviews, and laboratory tests. Data Analysis Techniques: Established statistical methods for analyzing epidemiological data. Reporting Guidelines: Standards for reporting study findings in scientific literature, such as the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines. Ethical Standards: Ethical guidelines for conducting research, including informed consent and confidentiality.
