associative relationships

How to Establish Causality?

While associative relationships can suggest potential causal links, they do not confirm causation. To establish causality, researchers often rely on criteria such as:

Temporality: The exposure must precede the outcome.
Strength of Association: Stronger associations are more likely to be causal.
Consistency: The association should be observed in different studies and populations.
Biological Plausibility: The association should make biological sense.
Dose-Response Relationship: Higher levels of exposure should lead to a higher risk of the outcome.

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