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associative relationships
How to Establish Causality?
While associative relationships can suggest potential causal links, they do not confirm causation. To establish causality, researchers often rely on criteria such as:
Temporality:
The exposure must precede the outcome.
Strength of Association:
Stronger associations are more likely to be causal.
Consistency:
The association should be observed in different studies and populations.
Biological Plausibility:
The association should make biological sense.
Dose-Response Relationship:
Higher levels of exposure should lead to a higher risk of the outcome.
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