In a typical neutralization assay, a sample containing antibodies (such as serum from a vaccinated person) is mixed with a known amount of the pathogen. The mixture is then added to a culture of susceptible cells. If the antibodies are effective, they will neutralize the pathogen, preventing it from infecting the cells. The extent of neutralization is measured by observing the reduction in the number of infected cells, often using methods like plaque assays or cytopathic effect assays.
