Measuring exposures accurately is crucial for valid epidemiological studies. Common methods include:
Self-reported questionnaires: Surveys where participants report their behaviors, exposures, and health outcomes. Biomarkers: Biological samples (e.g., blood, urine) analyzed to measure exposure levels. Environmental monitoring: Direct measurement of pollutants or toxins in air, water, or soil. Wearable devices: Technology like accelerometers and GPS to track physical activity and other behaviors.
