Measuring costs in epidemiology involves various methodologies, often combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. Direct costs can be measured using claims data, patient records, and hospital billing information. Indirect costs are typically estimated using productivity loss data, often derived from surveys and employer records. Intangible costs are the most challenging to measure and often rely on Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) metrics.