Nonlinear Interactions
Disease dynamics are often characterized by nonlinear interactions among various factors, making prediction and control challenging. Small changes in one factor, such as an increase in population density, can lead to disproportionate changes in disease spread.
Emerging Pathogens
The emergence of new pathogens adds to the complexity. Zoonotic diseases that jump from animals to humans, like COVID-19, present significant challenges as they often have unknown transmission mechanisms and susceptibility profiles.
Evolution of Pathogens
Pathogens can evolve over time, developing resistance to antibiotics and antivirals, or becoming more virulent. This evolution can alter disease dynamics, making previously effective interventions obsolete.
Socioeconomic Factors
Socioeconomic conditions such as poverty, access to healthcare, and education levels can influence disease dynamics. Poorer populations may have limited access to healthcare, leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment, and consequently, more severe outbreaks.
