What Types of Bias Exist and How to Mitigate Them?

Bias can lead to incorrect conclusions and needs to be carefully managed:

Selection Bias: This occurs when the study population is not representative of the target population. Random sampling and careful recruitment can help mitigate this.
Information Bias: This happens when there are errors in measuring exposure or outcome. Using validated instruments and training data collectors can reduce this bias.
Recall Bias: This is common in retrospective studies where participants may not accurately remember past events. Structured interviews and corroborating data sources can help.