- Clinical Trials: These provide controlled environments to assess the safety and efficacy of treatments. - Observational Studies: Cohort and case-control studies track populations over time to identify risk factors and outcomes. - Surveillance Systems: Public health agencies maintain databases that monitor the incidence and prevalence of diseases and adverse outcomes. - Electronic Health Records (EHRs): These offer real-time data from clinical settings, although they may have limitations in consistency and completeness.
