What Are the Challenges in Establishing Temporal Relationships?
Several challenges can arise when establishing temporal relationships, including:
Confounding variables: These are extraneous factors that can distort the observed relationship between an exposure and an outcome. Recall bias: In retrospective studies, participants may have inaccurate memories of their past exposures, leading to erroneous conclusions. Reverse causality: In some cases, the outcome might influence the exposure, rather than the other way around.
