What Are Some Challenges in Establishing Causality?
Establishing causality is challenging due to several factors:
Confounding: Other variables may influence the relationship between the exposure and outcome. Bias: Systematic errors in the data collection or analysis can distort the findings. Reverse Causation: Sometimes the effect may appear to cause the exposure. Multifactorial Causation: Multiple factors may contribute to the outcome, making it difficult to isolate a single cause.
