odds ratio (or)

How is the Odds Ratio Calculated?

The OR is calculated using a 2x2 contingency table that looks at the frequency of exposure and outcome. The table is structured as follows:
Outcome Present
Outcome Absent
Exposure Present
a
b
Exposure Absent
c
d
The formula for OR is:
OR = (a/c) / (b/d) = (a*d) / (b*c)

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