Epidemiologists use various methods to measure the incidence of ADRs, including:
Spontaneous reporting systems, such as the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) in the United States. Electronic health records (EHRs), which can be used to identify ADRs through data mining techniques. Population-based studies, which provide estimates of ADR incidence in the general population. Case-control and cohort studies, which help identify risk factors and outcomes associated with ADRs.
