How is the HPA Axis Measured in Epidemiological Studies?
The HPA axis can be measured through various biomarkers including: - Cortisol levels in saliva, blood, urine, or hair. - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in blood. - Diurnal patterns of cortisol secretion. These measurements help in assessing the functionality and dysregulation of the HPA axis in populations.