Oncogenesis involves multiple stages, typically categorized into initiation, promotion, and progression:
1. Initiation: This is the first stage where a normal cell undergoes a genetic mutation. This mutation can be caused by direct DNA damage from carcinogens. 2. Promotion: During this stage, the mutated cells undergo clonal expansion. Factors such as chronic inflammation and hormonal imbalances can promote this process. 3. Progression: This final stage involves further genetic changes that lead to increased malignancy, invasiveness, and the ability to metastasize.
