Point mutations can play a critical role in the epidemiology of diseases. For instance, mutations in the hemoglobin gene can lead to sickle cell disease, which affects the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells. Similarly, mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancers.
In the context of infectious diseases, point mutations can alter the virulence and resistance of pathogens. For example, mutations in the HIV virus can lead to drug resistance, complicating treatment efforts.
