Epidemics lead to economic losses through multiple pathways:
Healthcare Costs: The direct costs of medical care, including hospitalizations, medications, and long-term care, increase significantly during an outbreak. Loss of Productivity: Illness and quarantine measures reduce the workforce, leading to decreased productivity and economic output. Supply Chain Disruptions: Epidemics can halt the production and distribution of goods, affecting global supply chains. Consumer Behavior: Fear and uncertainty can lead to changes in consumer behavior, reducing spending and impacting businesses. Government Expenditure: Increased spending on public health interventions and economic stimulus packages strain government budgets.
