In the field of Epidemiology, toxic effects are often measured using various biomarkers and epidemiological methods. Biomarkers can help identify the presence and concentration of toxins in the body. Epidemiological studies, such as cohort studies and case-control studies, are used to establish associations between toxin exposure and health outcomes. These studies often rely on statistical methods to determine the relative risk or odds ratio of developing a disease due to toxin exposure.
