1. Surveillance Systems: Continuous collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data. Examples include the CDC's National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). 2. Surveys: Structured questionnaires to collect data on health behaviors, conditions, and risk factors. Examples include the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). 3. Health Records: Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and medical charts. 4. Registries: Databases that record all cases of a particular disease within a certain population. Examples include cancer registries. 5. Clinical Trials and Cohort Studies: Research studies that collect data from participants over time.