Several techniques are employed in microbial subtyping, each with its own advantages and limitations:
Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE): This method separates large DNA molecules by applying an electric field that changes direction periodically. PFGE is highly discriminatory and is often used in foodborne outbreak investigations. Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS): WGS provides a comprehensive picture of the genetic material of an organism. It is highly accurate and can differentiate between strains that are closely related. Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST): This technique sequences internal fragments of multiple housekeeping genes. MLST is useful for studying the evolution and epidemiology of bacterial species. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): PCR-based methods amplify specific DNA sequences, making them easier to study. Techniques like Real-Time PCR can provide rapid and specific results. Serotyping: This method classifies microorganisms based on their cell surface antigens. It is commonly used for identifying strains of bacteria like E. coli and Salmonella.
