Pathogen characteristics, such as transmissibility, virulence, and mutation rate, are key components of complex dynamics in epidemiology. Highly transmissible pathogens can spread rapidly through populations, while those with high virulence can cause severe disease and increased mortality. Mutations can lead to new strains that may evade immunity or resist treatments, complicating control measures. The influenza virus, for example, frequently undergoes genetic changes, necessitating annual updates to vaccines.
