replacement, reduction, and refinement

What Ethical Considerations are Addressed by Refinement?

Refinement addresses a range of ethical considerations by improving the conditions under which research is conducted. This includes reducing pain and distress for animal subjects, ensuring informed consent and privacy for human participants, and implementing less invasive techniques. Refinement not only aligns with ethical principles but also often leads to more accurate and reliable data, as subjects are less likely to experience stress or harm that could skew results.

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