What Challenges are Associated with Data Integration in Epidemiology?

Despite its benefits, data integration in epidemiology is fraught with challenges:

Data compatibility: Different data sources may use varying formats, standards, and terminologies, making integration difficult.
Data quality: Variability in data quality across sources can affect the reliability of integrated datasets.
Privacy concerns: Integrating data often involves handling sensitive information, raising issues of privacy and confidentiality.
Resource constraints: The process of data integration can be resource-intensive, requiring advanced technical infrastructure and skilled personnel.