Hazards in epidemiology can be broadly categorized into:
Biological hazards: These include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites that can cause infectious diseases. Chemical hazards: Exposure to toxic chemicals such as pesticides, heavy metals, and industrial pollutants can harm health. Physical hazards: These involve external physical factors like radiation, noise, and extreme temperatures that can cause injury or illness. Environmental hazards: Factors like pollution, climate change, and natural disasters pose significant risks to public health.
