Uncertainties in epidemiology arise from various sources, including:
Measurement Error: Inaccuracies in data collection, whether through self-reported surveys or biological measurements, can lead to errors that affect the validity of study findings. Confounding Variables: Factors that are not accounted for in a study can distort the apparent effect of the exposure on the outcome. Selection Bias: When the participants selected for a study are not representative of the target population, the results may not be generalizable. Random Variability: Random errors or fluctuations can occur due to the inherent variability in biological systems and populations. Model Uncertainty: The choice of statistical models and assumptions can significantly influence study outcomes, introducing another layer of uncertainty.
