What are the common risk factors associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes?

Adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and congenital anomalies, can be linked to several risk factors. These include maternal age (both adolescent and advanced maternal age), pre-existing medical conditions like hypertension and diabetes, substance abuse (including tobacco and alcohol use), and infections. Epidemiologists study these risk factors to design interventions that can mitigate their impact.