What Are the Common Causes of Overfitting in Epidemiological Models?

Several factors can contribute to overfitting, including:
- Small Sample Size: Limited data can make it difficult for the model to generalize well.
- High Dimensionality: Using too many predictors relative to the number of observations can lead to overfitting.
- Noisy Data: Data with a lot of random variation can cause the model to learn irrelevant patterns.
- Complex Models: Models with too many parameters or overly flexible architectures are more likely to overfit.