Several challenges can impede testability in epidemiology:
Confounding Variables: These are extraneous variables that can influence the outcome and thus obscure the true relationship between the exposure and the outcome. Bias: Selection bias, information bias, and recall bias can distort study results and reduce the testability of hypotheses. Ethical Constraints: Ethical concerns can limit the types of studies that can be conducted, particularly in human populations. Complexity of Disease Causation: Many diseases have multifactorial causes, making it challenging to isolate specific risk factors.
