Several challenges can impede critical thinking in epidemiology: 1. Bias: Both researcher bias and participant bias can skew results. 2. Confounding Variables: These are variables that can affect the outcome of a study, complicating the interpretation of results. 3. Data Quality: Poor quality or incomplete data can lead to incorrect conclusions. 4. Pressure: The urgency to address public health issues can sometimes lead to hasty decisions without thorough analysis.
