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disease causation
What are the Challenges in Establishing Causation?
Several challenges exist in establishing causation:
1.
Confounding
: This occurs when an outside factor is related to both the exposure and the outcome, potentially distorting the true relationship.
2.
Bias
: Systematic errors in study design or data collection can lead to incorrect conclusions about causation.
3.
Random Error
: This refers to the variability that arises by chance, which can affect the results of a study.
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