Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Ensures the safety of healthcare workers and researchers by providing them with appropriate gear such as gloves, masks, and gowns. Vaccination: Essential for preventing the spread of infectious diseases among both the public and those involved in epidemiological studies. Quarantine and Isolation: Critical for controlling the spread of contagious diseases by separating infected or exposed individuals from the healthy population. Data Security: Protects the confidentiality and integrity of health data collected during epidemiological studies. Environmental Controls: Includes measures like sanitation and disinfection to reduce the risk of disease transmission in various settings.