Determining the causes of diseases is central to epidemiology. Causes can be broadly categorized into biological, environmental, social, and behavioral factors.
Biological Factors Biological factors include pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and genetics. For example, the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the cause of tuberculosis.
Environmental Factors Environmental factors encompass physical, chemical, and biological elements in the environment. Poor air quality, for instance, can exacerbate respiratory conditions like asthma.
Social Factors Social determinants of health such as poverty, education, and access to healthcare play a crucial role. Populations with limited access to healthcare are at higher risk for diseases that could otherwise be prevented or treated effectively.
Behavioral Factors Behavioral factors include lifestyle choices such as diet, physical activity, and substance use. For instance, a diet high in saturated fats can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
