Identifying systemic bias requires a critical approach to evaluating research studies:
Examine the study design to check if the sample is representative and if randomization and blinding were employed. Review the data collection methods for accuracy and consistency. Look for validation studies that support the methods used. Assess the statistical analyses to ensure that potential confounders were controlled and that appropriate statistical techniques were applied. Consider the publication history of the research area to identify any trends that might suggest publication bias.
