Sample size calculation typically involves statistical formulas that incorporate the factors mentioned above. Software tools and online sample size calculators are commonly used to simplify this process. The basic formula for a simple random sample can be expressed as: n = (Z^2 * p * (1-p)) / E^2 where n is the sample size, Z is the Z-value (from the standard normal distribution corresponding to the desired confidence level), p is the estimated proportion of the population with the attribute of interest, and E is the margin of error.
