Boiling is highly effective in eliminating most waterborne pathogens. Bacteria such as _Escherichia coli_, _Salmonella_, and _Vibrio cholerae_ are killed at temperatures above 70°C, while viruses like hepatitis A and rotavirus are inactivated at boiling temperatures. Some resilient parasites, such as the cysts of _Giardia_ and _Cryptosporidium_, are also rendered non-infectious through boiling.
