Wolbachia can induce several reproductive alterations in its host, such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis, feminization, and male-killing. These manipulations help the bacteria spread through the host population. Cytoplasmic incompatibility, for example, occurs when infected males mate with uninfected females, resulting in non-viable offspring. This encourages the spread of Wolbachia through a population, as infected females can reproduce successfully regardless of the male's infection status.
