Exposure to metals can occur through several routes: inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. For instance, lead exposure often occurs through ingestion of contaminated food or water, as well as inhalation of dust. Mercury exposure, particularly from fish consumption, is a significant concern due to its accumulation in the aquatic food chain. Occupational exposure is another important route, affecting workers in industries such as mining, battery manufacturing, and metal smelting.
