Risk estimates are calculated using data from epidemiological studies. Here are some common methods:
Cohort Studies: Follow a group of people over time to compare the incidence of the outcome between those exposed to a risk factor and those not exposed. Case-Control Studies: Compare the exposure status of individuals with the outcome (cases) to those without the outcome (controls). Cross-Sectional Studies: Measure the exposure and outcome at a single point in time to assess the prevalence and possible associations.
