Several statistical methods are used to detect outliers in epidemiological data:
Visual Methods: Graphical techniques such as scatter plots, box plots, and histograms can visually identify outliers. Z-Scores: Z-scores measure how many standard deviations a data point is from the mean. Typically, a Z-score above 3 or below -3 is considered an outlier. Interquartile Range (IQR): Outliers can be detected using the IQR method, where values below Q1 - 1.5*IQR or above Q3 + 1.5*IQR are considered outliers.
