What is Wet AMD?
Wet Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a chronic eye disorder that causes blurred vision or a blind spot in your visual field. It is one of the two types of AMD, the other being dry AMD. Wet AMD is less common but more severe, leading to rapid vision loss if left untreated.
Prevalence and Incidence
The prevalence of wet AMD increases with age. It is estimated that around 10-15% of all AMD cases are wet AMD. In developed countries, it is one of the leading causes of vision loss in people over 50. The incidence varies globally, but it is generally higher in Caucasian populations compared to African or Asian populations.Risk Factors
Several
risk factors contribute to the development of wet AMD. These include:
Age: The risk increases significantly after the age of 50.
Genetics: Family history of AMD can increase the risk.
Smoking: Smokers are at a higher risk compared to non-smokers.
Race: Caucasians are more likely to develop wet AMD.
Diet: Diets low in antioxidants and high in saturated fats can increase risk.
Pathophysiology
Wet AMD occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow under the
retina and macula. These blood vessels leak blood and fluid, which damages the macula and leads to rapid and severe vision loss. The exact cause of this abnormal blood vessel growth is not fully understood but involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Diagnosis
Early detection of wet AMD is crucial for preventing severe vision loss. Diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive eye exam, including:Treatment Options
While there is no cure for wet AMD, several treatment options can slow its progression and improve vision. These include: Anti-VEGF Therapy: Medications like bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), reducing abnormal blood vessel growth and leakage.
Photodynamic Therapy: A light-activated drug is used to destroy abnormal blood vessels.
Laser Surgery: Direct laser treatment can be used to destroy abnormal blood vessels.
Public Health Implications
Wet AMD has significant
public health implications due to its impact on quality of life and its economic burden. Vision loss from wet AMD can lead to difficulties in daily activities, increased risk of falls, and decreased independence. This underscores the importance of public health strategies aimed at prevention, early detection, and effective management.
Prevention Strategies
Preventing wet AMD involves addressing modifiable risk factors. Strategies include:Research and Future Directions
Ongoing research aims to better understand the
pathogenesis of wet AMD and develop more effective treatments. Gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and new pharmacological agents are being explored as potential future treatments.
